[ { "std": "Argentina (CAMMESA PT-4)", "country": "Argentina", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52.5 Hz; 15s → 52.5 Hz; 15.001s → 52 Hz; 25s → 52 Hz; 25.001s → 51.5 Hz; 100s → 51.5 Hz; 100.001s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 15s → 47.5 Hz; 15.001s → 48 Hz; 25s → 48 Hz; 25.001s → 48.5 Hz; 100s → 48.5 Hz; 100.001s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "ERNC parks / generators joining the MEM-SADI grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CAMMESA, LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS – P.T.4, numeral 2.2.3.2 lit. b) 'Rangos de frecuencia admisibles de operación' (Pág. 6) + 'Curva límite frecuencia-tiempo / Zona Admisible' (Pág. 7); applied to ERNC parks by ANEXO I numeral 9.8.5. Versión 03-Oct-2023." }, { "std": "Australia (NER / AEMO)", "country": "Australia", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz; 120s → 52 Hz; 120.001s → 51 Hz; 600s → 51 Hz; 600.001s → 50.15 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 120s → 47 Hz; 120.001s → 49 Hz; 600s → 49 Hz; 600.001s → 49.85 Hz", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Registered generating systems at any NEM connection point", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "NER S5.2.5.3 as substituted by item [173] of the ERC0393 final rule — automatic access standard, read with the S5.2.5.3 definitions: 'transient frequency limit' and 'transient frequency time' mean 47.5 Hz and 9 seconds respectively; 'stabilisation time' and 'recovery time' mean the longest times allowable for the frequency of the power system to remain outside the operational frequency tolerance band and the normal operating frequency band respectively. AEMC Reliability Panel, Frequency Operating Standard effective 9 October 2023, Table A.3 (mainland, interconnected system — protected event and multiple contingency event: containment band 47.0–52.0 Hz; stabilisation band 49.5–50.5 Hz within 2 minutes; recovery band 49.85–50.15 Hz within 10 minutes), read with the mainland operational frequency tolerance band 49.0–51.0 Hz and normal operating frequency band 49.85–50.15 Hz; Tables A.6/A.7 for Tasmania (47.0–55.0 Hz)." }, { "std": "Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)", "country": "Austria", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 3600s → 47.5 Hz; 3600s → 48.5 Hz; 9000s → 48.5 Hz; 9000s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D non-synchronous PGM, >=110 kV or >=50 MW", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "E-Control, 'TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D', Version 1.3, gultig ab 01.07.2024 - Kapitel 5.1.1 'Frequenzbereiche', Tabelle 1 (including footnote 14 on the 90-minute band)." }, { "std": "Belgium (Federal Grid Code)", "country": "Belgium", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 48.5 Hz; 3600s → 48.5 Hz; 3600s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules on the federal transmission grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Koninklijk besluit / Arrete royal van 29 november 2024 houdende een technisch reglement voor het beheer van het transmissienet van elektriciteit (Belgian Federal Grid Code), Art. 83 § 1 (implementing RfG Art. 13.1(a)(i)); consolidated text via ejustice numac 2024008672." }, { "std": "Brazil (PRODIST / ONS)", "country": "Brazil", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 63 Hz; 10s → 63 Hz; 10.001s → 62.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 56 Hz; 20s → 56 Hz; 20.001s → 58.5 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generators connecting to Rede Basica transmission facilities", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ONS Submódulo 3.6 rev. 2019.08, Quadro 6 'Requisitos técnicos gerais' item 1 (Operação em regime de frequência não nominal), p. 21 — ALL five sub-items: (a) 'Desligamento instantâneo permitido para operação abaixo de 56 Hz.'; (b) 'Operação abaixo de 58,5 Hz por período de tempo mínimo de 20 segundos.'; (c) 'Operação entre 58,5 e 62,5 Hz por tempo ilimitado.'; (d) 'Operação acima de 62,5 Hz por período de tempo mínimo de 10 segundos.'; (e) 'Desligamento instantâneo permitido para operação acima de 63 Hz.' Summarised in Figura 1 'Faixas de operação da central geradora em regime de frequência não nominal'." }, { "std": "California Rule 21", "country": "US", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.8 Hz; 299s → 61.8 Hz; 299.001s → 61.2 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 299s → 57 Hz; 299.001s → 58.8 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "Smart-inverter DER at the distribution PCC (PG&E tariff)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "PG&E Electric Rule 21, Sheet 196, Table Hh-2b 'Frequency Ride-Through Settings Table' (f>62.0 no RT; 61.262 no ride-through 0.16 s trip; 60.5=61.7 Instantaneous trip', '>=61.6 / 30', '>=60.6 / 180', '<60.6 Continuous operation'; Low - '<=57.0 Instantaneous trip', '<=57.3 / 0.75', '<=57.8 / 7.5', '<=58.4 / 30', '<=59.4 / 180', '>59.4 Continuous operation'. Contrast IESO Market Rules Appendix 4.2 Issue 16.0 category 1 'Off-Nominal Frequency Operation'." }, { "std": "Denmark (TR 3.3.1)", "country": "Denmark", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 48.5 Hz; 3600s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Battery plants; cited tables are the transmission-connected rows", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Energinet Technical Regulation 3.3.1 – Revision 6, Tables 30/32/34/36 (normal frequency operating range, transmission-connected, DK1 and DK2: 47.5–48.5 or 47.5–48.0 / 30 min, 48.5–49.0 or 48.0–49.0 / 30 min, 49.0–51.0 unlimited, 51.0–51.5 / 30 min) and section 68(1)/69(1) proviso on 60 minutes below 49.00 Hz; protection settings f< 47.5 Hz / 200 ms and f> 51.5 Hz / 200 ms are separate trip settings." }, { "std": "ERCOT (NOG 2.6.2.1)", "country": "US", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.8 Hz; 299s → 61.8 Hz; 299.001s → 61.6 Hz; 540s → 61.6 Hz; 540.001s → 61.2 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 299s → 57 Hz; 299.001s → 58.4 Hz; 540s → 58.4 Hz; 540.001s → 58.8 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Transmission-connected inverter-based resources in ERCOT", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ERCOT Nodal Operating Guides Section 2.6.2.1 'Frequency Ride-Through Requirements for Transmission-Connected Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), Type 1 Wind-powered Generation Resources (WGRs) and Type 2 WGRs', paragraph (1) table (December 5, 2025 text, p. 32; carried in the February 1, 2026 Nodal Operating Guide): f > 61.8 Hz — may ride-through or trip; 61.6 < f ≤ 61.8 — 299 s; 61.2 < f ≤ 61.6 — 540 s; 58.8 ≤ f ≤ 61.2 — continuous; 58.4 ≤ f < 58.8 — 540 s; 57.0 ≤ f < 58.4 — 299 s; f < 57.0 — may ride-through or trip." }, { "std": "Ecuador (ARCONEL-001/24 Código de Conexión)", "country": "Ecuador", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 63 Hz; 90s → 63 Hz; 90.001s → 62 Hz; 1800s → 62 Hz; 1800s → 61 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57.5 Hz; 90s → 57.5 Hz; 90.001s → 58 Hz; 1800s → 58 Hz; 1800s → 59 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Regulación Nro. ARCONEL-001/24, ARTÍCULO 19 numeral 19.1 lit. a), Tabla 3; made applicable to category D by the opening paragraph of ARTÍCULO 22." }, { "std": "Finland (Fingrid VJV2024)", "country": "Finland", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Generating facilities, VJV size classes 1-4, any network level", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Fingrid, 'Grid Code Specifications for Power Generating Facilities VJV2024', unofficial English translation dated 15.1.2025 - section 10.5.2, Figure 10.7 (p. 60)." }, { "std": "Greece (ADMIE/IPTO RfG)", "country": "Greece", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "PGMs types A-D under the Greek RfG general requirements", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Απόφαση ΡΑΕ 1165/2020 (ΦΕΚ Β' 3757, 07.09.2020), Άρθρο 13 §1(α) στοιχείο (i), Πίνακας 2 'Εύρη τιμών συχνότητας συστήματος και ελάχιστες χρονικές διάρκειες παραμονής σε λειτουργία'." }, { "std": "IEEE 1547-2018 Cat III", "country": "US", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.8 Hz; 299s → 61.8 Hz; 299.001s → 61.2 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 299s → 57 Hz; 299.001s → 58.8 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "DER at the distribution PCC, Category III abnormal performance", "sourceClass": "reproduction", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IEEE 1547-2018 Table 19, reproduced verbatim in the ISO-NE / Massachusetts TSRG 'Default IEEE 1547-2018 Setting Requirements' Table II ('Frequency ride-through requirements for DER of abnormal operating performance-Category I, Category II, and Category III': f > 62.0 no ride-through; 61.2 < f ≤ 61.8 Mandatory Operation; 58.8 ≤ f ≤ 61.2 Continuous; 57.0 ≤ f < 58.8 Mandatory Operation; f < 57.0 no ride-through — each marked 'Identical' to 1547-2018). Duration confirmed by EPRI OpenDER rt_crit.py (299 s timers at 61.2–61.8 Hz and 57.0–58.8 Hz) and by the '299 s' annotation on the IEEE-copyright frequency figure in the EPRI 1547-2018 crash course (slide 48). Trip-side coordination: 1547-2018 defaults OF2 62.0 Hz/0.16 s, OF1 61.2 Hz/300 s, UF1 58.5 Hz/300 s, UF2 56.5 Hz/0.16 s (MISO Guideline Table 6)." }, { "std": "IEEE 2800-2022", "country": "US", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.8 Hz; 299s → 61.8 Hz; 299.001s → 61.2 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 299s → 57 Hz; 299.001s → 58.8 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "IBR plants at the transmission point of interconnection", "sourceClass": "reproduction", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IEEE 2800-2022 Clause 7.3.2.1 frequency ride-through table (IEEE-copyright reprint, IEEE PES/2800 WG + SEIA/ACP webinar slide 35): 'f1,f4 | +3, −5 | 299.0 (t1) | Mandatory operation' and 'f2,f3 | +2, −2 | ∞ | Continuous operation'. Corroborated by NERC PRC-029-1 Attachment 2 Table 3: >61.8 may trip; >61.2 → 299 s; 58.8–61.2 continuous; <58.8 → 299 s; <57.0 may trip." }, { "std": "India (CEA Connectivity Regs)", "country": "India", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations connecting to the Indian HV grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CEA Regulations Compendium, August 2024, Part II clause B2(2) (footnote: substituted vide Second amendment, 2019 w.e.f. 06.02.2019): 'capable of operating in the frequency range 47.5 to 52 Hz and be able to deliver rated output in the frequency range of 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz'. Identical wording in the 2019 gazette." }, { "std": "Kenya (KNTGC VRPP)", "country": "Kenya", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz; 4s → 52 Hz; 4.001s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz; 3600s → 51 Hz; 3600s → 50.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 20s → 47 Hz; 20.001s → 47.5 Hz; 180s → 47.5 Hz; 180.001s → 48 Hz; 1800s → 48 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz; 3600s → 49 Hz; 3600s → 49.5 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Variable renewable power plants at transmission connection", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "KNTGC clause 7.2.3.5 and Table 7-1 'Frequency Limits in the Kenya National Transmission System' (plus clause 7.1.3(c) for the 47.0-47.5 Hz / 20 s band) — verified against KNTGC Final 30-04-2021." }, { "std": "Malaysia (Grid Code Additional Code 2025)", "country": "Malaysia", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz; 3600s → 52 Hz; 3600s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 50.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 10s → 47 Hz; 10.001s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 49.5 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "PPMs and energy storage units on the Peninsular grid system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Grid Code for Peninsular Malaysia – Additional Code, KOD/ST/No.9/2025, Connection Code CC.6.2.3.2 frequency range table." }, { "std": "Mexico (Codigo de Red)", "country": "Mexico", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 62.4 Hz; 900s → 62.4 Hz; 900.001s → 61.8 Hz; 1800s → 61.8 Hz; 1800s → 61.2 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 900s → 57 Hz; 900.001s → 58.2 Hz; 1800s → 58.2 Hz; 1800s → 58.8 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Power plants interconnecting to the SEN (RNT or RGD)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Codigo de Red, CRE Resolucion RES/550/2021, DOF 31 December 2021, pp.1053-1054; 'Manual Regulatorio de Requerimientos Tecnicos para la Interconexion de Centrales Electricas al Sistema Electrico Nacional', Capitulo 2, seccion 2.1, Tabla 2.1. Verified from the official DOF PDF, text extracted directly." }, { "std": "Morocco (CRENT)", "country": "Morocco", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 53 Hz; 10s → 53 Hz; 10.001s → 52 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 46.5 Hz; 10s → 46.5 Hz; 10.001s → 47 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generation connected to the national transmission grid (CRENT)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Maroc, Code du Reseau Electrique National de Transport (CRENT), Article 78 §3 'Tenue aux Variations de Frequence', published by ANRE (anre.ma/crent_chapitre/article-78/); CRENT in force since 3 January 2022." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-024-4 (ERCOT)", "country": "US", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.8 Hz; 30s → 61.8 Hz; 30.001s → 61.6 Hz; 540s → 61.6 Hz; 540.001s → 60.6 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57.5 Hz; 2s → 57.5 Hz; 2.001s → 58 Hz; 30s → 58 Hz; 30.001s → 58.4 Hz; 540s → 58.4 Hz; 540.001s → 59.4 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "no-trip", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "BES generator relay set points, ERCOT Interconnection", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC PRC-024-4, Attachment 1, Table 4 'Frequency Boundary Data Points – ERCOT Interconnection' and Figure 4 (p.15); identical to PRC-024-3 Table 4." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-024-4 (Western)", "country": "US", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.7 Hz; 30s → 61.7 Hz; 30.001s → 61.6 Hz; 180s → 61.6 Hz; 180.001s → 60.6 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 0.75s → 57 Hz; 0.751s → 57.3 Hz; 7.5s → 57.3 Hz; 7.501s → 57.8 Hz; 30s → 57.8 Hz; 30.001s → 58.4 Hz; 180s → 58.4 Hz; 180.001s → 59.4 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "no-trip", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "BES generator relay set points, Western Interconnection", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC PRC-024-4, Attachment 1 '(Frequency No Trip Boundaries by Interconnection)', Table 2 'Frequency Boundary Data Points – Western Interconnection' and Figure 2 (p.13); identical to PRC-024-3 Table 2." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-029-1 (IBR)", "country": "US", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.8 Hz; 299s → 61.8 Hz; 299.001s → 61.2 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 299s → 57 Hz; 299.001s → 58.8 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "BES inverter-based resources; valid for RoCoF <= 5 Hz/s", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Enforceable from 1 Oct 2026 (FERC Order No. 909)", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC PRC-029-1, Attachment 2 'Frequency Ride-Through Criteria', Table 3 'Frequency Ride-through Capability Requirements' and Figure 1 'PRC-029 Frequency Ride-through Requirements' (p.14); Requirement R3 caps applicability at RoCoF ≤ 5 Hz/s." }, { "std": "New Zealand North Island (EIPC cl 8.19(1))", "country": "New Zealand", "event": "FRT", "points": "Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 0.101s → 47.1 Hz; 5s → 47.1 Hz; 5.001s → 47.3 Hz; 20s → 47.3 Hz; 20.001s → 47.5 Hz; 120s → 47.5 Hz", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations connected to the national grid, North Island", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Electricity Industry Participation Code 2010, Part 8, cl 8.19(1)(a)-(f), cl 8.19(3), cl 8.21(1), cl 8.1B — verified verbatim in both the 1 May 2025 and 1 July 2026 consolidations." }, { "std": "Nigeria (TCN Grid Code)", "country": "Nigeria", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.75 Hz; 15s → 51.75 Hz; 15.001s → 51.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Power Park Modules on the TCN transmission system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Nigeria Grid Code (NERC, 01-08-2018), clause 12.6.5 (corroborated by clause 10.1.4)." }, { "std": "Norway (Statnett NVF 2025)", "country": "Norway", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52.5 Hz; 1800s → 52.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 3600s → 51.5 Hz; 3600s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules, >=110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Statnett, 'NVF 2025 - Nasjonal veileder for funksjonskrav i kraftsystemet' (ref. 2024/2852), gjeldende fra 13.06.2025 - kapittel 14.1.3, Tabell 14-5." }, { "std": "Ontario (IESO Market Rules App. 4.2)", "country": "Canada", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.8 Hz; 8s → 61.8 Hz; 8.001s → 61.5 Hz; 23.5s → 61.5 Hz; 23.501s → 61.2 Hz; 69s → 61.2 Hz; 69.001s → 60.9 Hz; 204s → 60.9 Hz; 204.001s → 60.6 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 3.3s → 57 Hz; 3.301s → 57.5 Hz; 10.2s → 57.5 Hz; 10.201s → 58 Hz; 31.5s → 58 Hz; 31.501s → 58.5 Hz; 97s → 58.5 Hz; 97.001s → 59 Hz; 300s → 59 Hz; 300.001s → 59.4 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generation and storage on the IESO-controlled grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IESO Renewed Market Rules, Chapter 4 'Grid Connection Requirements - Appendices', Library Record No. RUL-12, Issue 2.0, Effective December 3, 2025; Appendix 4.2, Category 1 'Off-Nominal Frequency Operation' - continuous 59.4-60.6 Hz, plus the log-linear regions bounded by (0.0 s, 57.0 Hz), (3.3 s, 57.0 Hz), (300 s, 59.0 Hz) and by (0.0 s, 61.8 Hz), (8 s, 61.8 Hz), (600 s, 60.6 Hz). Boundary is a continuous log-linear ramp; the plotted staircase is a conservative inner approximation of it." }, { "std": "Panama (Código de Redes Fotovoltaico 2017)", "country": "Panama", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.7 Hz; 30s → 61.7 Hz; 30.001s → 61.5 Hz; 180s → 61.5 Hz; 180.001s → 60.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57.2 Hz; 0.75s → 57.2 Hz; 0.751s → 57.4 Hz; 7.5s → 57.4 Hz; 7.501s → 57.9 Hz; 30s → 57.9 Hz; 30.001s → 58.5 Hz; 180s → 58.5 Hz; 180.001s → 59.5 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "unclear", "appliesTo": "PV plants connected to the national interconnected system (SIN)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ASEP/CND Panamá, 'ANEXO B — CÓDIGO DE REDES FOTOVOLTAICO (Texto Unificado)', Diciembre 2017, numeral B.1.1 lit. b), Tabla B.1 'Rangos de operación por Frecuencia'." }, { "std": "Peru (COES PR-20, Anexo 1 Cap. 4)", "country": "Peru", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 62 Hz; 30s → 62 Hz; 30.001s → 61.6 Hz; 1800s → 61.6 Hz; 1800s → 60.6 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 10s → 57 Hz; 10.001s → 57.8 Hz; 30s → 57.8 Hz; 30.001s → 58.4 Hz; 1800s → 58.4 Hz; 1800s → 59.4 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "PR-20, Anexo 1, Capítulo 4, numeral 4.4.5 'Tolerancia ante variaciones de la frecuencia', Tabla 4.5 'Tolerancias de Frecuencia de la CGNC'. Res. Consejo Directivo Osinergmin N° 173-2024-OS/CD." }, { "std": "Philippines VRE (PGC 2016 Tables 4.1 & 4.3)", "country": "Philippines", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 62.4 Hz; 300s → 62.4 Hz; 300.001s → 61.8 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57.6 Hz; 3600s → 57.6 Hz; 3600s → 58.2 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Wind and PV plants connected to the transmission grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Philippine Grid Code, 2016 Edition, Table 4.1 under GCR 4.4.3.2 (Wind) and Table 4.3 under GCR 4.4.4.2 (PVS) — identical values; nominal system frequency 60 Hz." }, { "std": "Quebec (Hydro-Quebec D-2022-088)", "country": "Canada", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.7 Hz; 90s → 61.7 Hz; 90.001s → 61.5 Hz; 660s → 61.5 Hz; 660.001s → 60.6 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 55.5 Hz; 0.35s → 55.5 Hz; 0.351s → 56.5 Hz; 2s → 56.5 Hz; 2.001s → 57 Hz; 10s → 57 Hz; 10.001s → 57.5 Hz; 90s → 57.5 Hz; 90.001s → 58.5 Hz; 660s → 58.5 Hz; 660.001s → 59.4 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations on the Hydro-Quebec transmission system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Hydro-Quebec TransEnergie, 'Technical Requirements for the Connection of Generating Stations to the Hydro-Quebec Transmission System', Decision D-2022-088, effective July 15, 2022; section 12.2.3, Table 10 (p.51). Verified from the Hydro-Quebec-hosted English PDF, text extracted directly." }, { "std": "Romania (Transelectrica/ANRE storage norm)", "country": "Romania", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Category D electricity storage installations (RfG type D)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Ordinul ANRE nr. 3/2023 din 18.01.2023 (MO Nr. 53/19.I.2023) — Art. 6 alin. (1) lit. a) + Tabelul 1 'Durata minimă în care IS trebuie să fie capabilă să rămână conectată la rețea (să producă, respectiv să consume energie electrică la o putere activă mai mică sau egală cu puterea nominală) pentru frecvențe care se abat de la valoarea nominală': 47,5–48,5 Hz minimum 30 de minute; 48,5–49 Hz minimum 30 de minute; 49–51 Hz nelimitat; 51,0–51,5 Hz 30 de minute." }, { "std": "Saudi Arabia (SAGC)", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 62.5 Hz; 30s → 62.5 Hz; 30.001s → 61.5 Hz; 1800s → 61.5 Hz; 1800s → 60.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 30s → 57 Hz; 30.001s → 57.5 Hz; 1800s → 57.5 Hz; 1800s → 58.8 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Renewable generating units on the SA transmission network", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Saudi Arabian Grid Code, Updated Version February 2022, clause 2.4.2.2 (Frequency Variations) table, Chapter 2 p.18." }, { "std": "Singapore (EMA Transmission Code App. F6)", "country": "Singapore", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz; 3600s → 52 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 20s → 47 Hz; 20.001s → 47.5 Hz", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating units and ESS on the SG transmission system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Energy Market Authority of Singapore, Transmission Code, 26 September 2024, Appendix F, section F6.1–F6.2 'Frequency Range of Generating Unit' (p.79): F6.1 normal 49.5–50.5 Hz, exceptional rise to 52 Hz / fall to 47 Hz; F6.2 table — '52 Hz – 47.5 Hz: Continuous operation is required'; '47.5 Hz – 47 Hz: Generating unit is required to remain in operation for at least 20 seconds each time frequency falls below 47.5Hz'. ESS definition in section 1.3; Appendix L3." }, { "std": "South Africa (NRS 097 / RPP)", "country": "South Africa", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.2s → 52 Hz; 4s → 52 Hz; 4.001s → 51.5 Hz; 60s → 51.5 Hz; 60.001s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.2s → 47 Hz; 6s → 47 Hz; 6.001s → 47.5 Hz; 10s → 47.5 Hz; 10.001s → 48 Hz; 60s → 48 Hz; 60.001s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "RPP categories A3/B/C on transmission or distribution", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "SA RPP Grid Code v3.1 (Jan 2022), clause 5.1(4) (RPP shall be capable of operating for the minimum operating range illustrated in Figures 1 and 2), 5.1(5) 'When the frequency on the NIPS is higher than 51.5 Hz for longer than 4 seconds, the RPP shall be disconnected from the grid' and 5.1(6) 'When the frequency on the NIPS is less than 47.0 Hz for longer than 200ms, the RPP may be disconnected'; Figure 2 'Minimum frequency operating range of a RPP (during a system frequency disturbance)' (p.13) — upper boundary steps at 4 s (52 -> 51.5) and 60 s (51.5 -> 51.0); lower boundary steps at 200 ms (-> 47), 6 s (47 -> 47.5), 10 s (47.5 -> 48) and 60 s (48 -> 49); continuous range 49.0-51.0 Hz." }, { "std": "South Korea (KEPCO)", "country": "South Korea", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 61.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 299s → 57 Hz; 299.001s → 57.5 Hz", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "DER at the distribution PCC (LV up to 22.9 kV)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "KEPCO 분산형전원 배전계통 연계 기술기준 (개정 14, 2021-06-01), <표 2.8> 비정상 주파수에 대한 운전지속시간: f > 61.5 → '-'; f < 57.5 → 299초; f < 57.0 → '-'; and <표 2.5> 비정상 주파수에 대한 분산형전원 분리시간: f > 61.5 → 0.16초; f < 57.5 → 300초; f < 57.0 → 0.16초. High boundary is a single level (no over-frequency ride-through granted); low boundary floor 57.0 Hz is the bottom edge of the 299 s band." }, { "std": "Sri Lanka (CEB)", "country": "Sri Lanka", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 53 Hz; 20s → 53 Hz; 20.001s → 52 Hz; 1200s → 52 Hz; 1200s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 60s → 47 Hz; 60.001s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generators connecting to the CEB transmission grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CEB Grid Connection Code, Grid Code - Revised September 2023 (published July 2024), section 3.17.1.1 'Frequency ranges' I. Operating ranges (b), table on p.20." }, { "std": "Sweden (EIFS 2018:2)", "country": "Sweden", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules under EIFS 2018:2", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Energimarknadsinspektionens föreskrifter EIFS 2018:2, 3 kap. 1 § (allmänna krav för kraftproduktionsmodul av typ A, B, C och D): '30 minuter inom frekvensområde 47,5–48,5 Hz; 30 minuter inom frekvensområde 48,5–49,0 Hz; obegränsad inom frekvensområde 49,0–51,0 Hz; 30 minuter inom frekvensområde 51,0–51,5 Hz'." }, { "std": "Switzerland (Swissgrid TC-CH 2019)", "country": "Switzerland", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generation and storage on the Swiss transmission grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Swissgrid / VSE, 'Transmission Code 2019 (TC-CH)', section 6.5.2, Figure 12 'Robustness against frequency or voltage fluctuations' (p. 47) and paragraph 6.5.2(7) - NOT section 6.5.4; corroborated for storage by Swissgrid CESS minimum requirements v1.1 (29.05.2026), section 4.1, Figure 6." }, { "std": "Taiwan (TPC)", "country": "Taiwan", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 62 Hz; 300s → 62 Hz; 300.001s → 61.5 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 57 Hz; 20s → 57 Hz; 20.001s → 57.5 Hz; 300s → 57.5 Hz; 300.001s → 58.5 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "ESS paralleled to Taipower LV, HV or EHV systems", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "台灣電力股份有限公司 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正), clause (十) 故障持續運轉能力(頻率): 責任分界點頻率之正負百分之二點五範圍內 (58.5–61.5 Hz) 應能持續運轉; (十)1 低頻率持續運轉能力(LFRT) 附圖五 — '頻率介於 57.5 至 58.5Hz 時，持續運轉時間應至少 5 分鐘；頻率介於 57.0 至 57.5Hz 時，持續運轉時間應至少 20 秒'; (十)2 高頻率持續運轉能力(HFRT) 附圖六 — '頻率介於 61.5 至 62.0 Hz 時，持續運轉時間應至少 5 分鐘'." }, { "std": "Turkey (TEİAŞ Şebeke Yönetmeliği Ek-18)", "country": "Turkey", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 47.5 Hz; 1800s → 48.5 Hz; 3600s → 48.5 Hz; 3600s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Elektrik Şebeke Yönetmeliği, EK-18 §E.18.4 'FREKANS TEPKİSİ' as replaced by MADDE 10 of the amending regulation of 21.01.2025 (Resmî Gazete 32789), Tablo E.18.1 'Rüzgar ve güneş enerjisine dayalı fotovoltaik üretim tesisleri için frekans aralıklarındaki çalışma süreleri'." }, { "std": "UK G99 (Type A-C)", "country": "UK", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz; 900s → 52 Hz; 900.001s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 20s → 47 Hz; 20.001s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "Type A-C power park modules connected below 110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ENA EREC G99 Issue 2 (2025), clause 13.2.1 (and identically 11.2.1, 12.2.1): '(a) 47 Hz - 47.5 Hz Operation for a period of at least 20 s'; '(b) 47.5 Hz - 49.0 Hz ... at least 90 minutes'; '(c) 49.0 Hz - 51.0 Hz Continuous operation'; '(d) 51.0 Hz - 51.5 Hz ... at least 90 minutes'; '(e) 51.5 Hz - 52 Hz ... at least 15 minutes'." }, { "std": "UK G99 (Type D)", "country": "UK", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz; 900s → 52 Hz; 900.001s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 51.5 Hz; 5400s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47 Hz; 20s → 47 Hz; 20.001s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 47.5 Hz; 5400s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules connected at or above 110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ENA EREC G99 Issue 2 (2025), clause 13.2.1 (a)-(e) for Type C and Type D Power Generating Modules: 20 s at 47-47.5 Hz; 90 minutes at 47.5-49.0 Hz; continuous 49.0-51.0 Hz; 90 minutes at 51.0-51.5 Hz; 15 minutes at 51.5-52 Hz." }, { "std": "Vietnam BESS (Circular 05/2025/TT-BCT Art. 44)", "country": "Vietnam", "event": "FRT", "points": "High: 0.1s → 52 Hz; 60s → 52 Hz; 60.001s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51.5 Hz; 1800s → 51 Hz | Low: 0.1s → 47.5 Hz; 600s → 47.5 Hz; 600.001s → 48 Hz; 1800s → 48 Hz; 1800s → 49 Hz", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "BESS connecting to the transmission or distribution system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Circular 05/2025/TT-BCT dated 1 February 2025, Article 44 clause 1, Table 17, as consolidated with Circular 46/2025/TT-BCT; identical table at Article 40 clause 2, Table 11." }, { "std": "Argentina (CAMMESA PT-4 Anexo I, Fig. Ai.1)", "country": "Argentina", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 0.12s → 1.2 pu; 0.121s → 1.1 pu; 1200s → 1.1 pu; 1200s → 1.05 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CAMMESA, LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS – P.T.4, ANEXO I, numeral 9.8.4 'Tolerancia a sobretensiones (HVRT)' items 1)–4) + Fig. Ai.1 (p.48). Versión 03-Oct-2023." }, { "std": "Australia (NER / AEMO)", "country": "Australia", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.3 pu; 0.2s → 1.3 pu; 0.201s → 1.25 pu; 2s → 1.25 pu; 2.001s → 1.2 pu; 20s → 1.2 pu; 20.001s → 1.15 pu; 1200s → 1.15 pu; 1200s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Registered generating systems at any NEM connection point", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "NER S5.2.5.4(a)(1)–(6) as substituted by item [174] of the National Electricity Amendment (Improving the NEM access standards – Package 1) Rule 2025 No. 6 (ERC0393), in force 21 Aug 2025. Same list independently confirmed in the AEMC's ERC0222 generator technical performance standards pack." }, { "std": "Brazil (PRODIST / ONS)", "country": "Brazil", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2.5s → 1.2 pu; 2.501s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generators connecting to Rede Basica transmission facilities", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ONS Submodulo 3.6 rev. 2019.08, Figura 5 - upper boundary of the 'must remain in operation' region is 1.2 pu until 2.5 s then 1.1 pu; item 8.8 confirms additional reactive-current ABSORPTION is required for voltages above 110%, i.e. the plant is expected to remain connected above 1.1 pu." }, { "std": "California Rule 21", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 12s → 1.2 pu; 12.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "Smart-inverter DER at the distribution PCC (PG&E tariff)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "PG&E Electric Rule 21, Sheet 193, Table Hh-1b: '1.10 < V <= 1.20 | Momentary Cessation | 12 | 0.083' and 'V > 1.20 | Cease to Energize | NA | 0.16'; Table Hh-1a OV2 1.20 / 0.16 s, OV1 1.10 / 13.0 s. Advice 7692-E effective August 29, 2025, Corroborated by legacy SDG&E Rule 21 Sheet 122 Table Hh-1, HV1 110= 1.200 / Instantaneous trip', '>= 1.175 / 0.20 seconds', '>= 1.15 / 0.50 seconds', '>= 1.10 / 1.00 seconds', '< 1.10 / Continuous operation'. Also subsection 2(2)(a): continuous operation between 0.90 and 1.10 pu. Effective 2024-04-01." }, { "std": "Chile (NTSyCS)", "country": "Chile", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 1s → 1.2 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "unclear", "appliesTo": "Converter-based plants (GFM + GFL) connecting to the SEN", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CNE Anexo Tecnico IBR (Res. Ex. 45, 28-01-2026), Art. 3-1(i) for IBR GFM and Art. 4-1(b) for IBR GFL: 'En caso de sobretensiones mayores a 1,1 y menores o iguales a 1,2 por unidad, la IBR ... debera operar de manera continua e ininterrumpida durante al menos 1 segundo.'." }, { "std": "Colombia (CREG 060/2019)", "country": "Colombia", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2s → 1.2 pu; 2.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Wind + PV plants on the STN/STR, 500 kV excluded", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Resolución CREG 060 de 2019, Artículo 14 — numeral 5.7 lit. c) del Código de Operación; figura 'Característica de LVRT y HVRT ... con conexión a STN y STR (no incluye 500 kV)' (official graphic obj_2.gif)." }, { "std": "Colombia (CREG 060/2019, red de 500 kV)", "country": "Colombia", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2s → 1.2 pu; 2.001s → 1.05 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Wind + PV plants connected at 500 kV (STN)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Resolución CREG 060 de 2019, Artículo 14 — numeral 5.7 lit. c) del Código de Operación; figura 'Característica de LVRT y HVRT para plantas eólicas y solares fotovoltaicas con conexión a nivel de 500 kV' (official graphic obj_3.gif)." }, { "std": "ERCOT (NOG 2.9.1)", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 1s → 1.2 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Transmission-connected IBRs: PVGRs and ESR IBRs (ERCOT)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Binds resources whose SGIA was executed on or after 1 Aug 2024", "shape": "step", "source": "ERCOT Nodal Operating Guides Section 2.9.1(1)(a)/(b) (applicability by SGIA date, no MW threshold); Section 2.9.1.1(1) Tables A and B high-voltage rows (1.10 1.0 s; V>1.20 may ride-through or trip); Section 2.9.1.2(1) Table A (1.175 0.2 s; 1.15 0.5 s; 1.10 1.0 s). sheets pp. 50-55." }, { "std": "ERCOT (NOG 2.9.1.2 legacy)", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 0.2s → 1.2 pu; 0.201s → 1.175 pu; 0.5s → 1.175 pu; 0.501s → 1.15 pu; 1s → 1.15 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Transmission IBR with SGIA executed before 1 Aug 2024", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Binds resources whose SGIA was executed before 1 Aug 2024", "shape": "step", "source": "ERCOT Nodal Operating Guides Section 2.9.1.2 high-voltage table: 1.20 pu / 0.2 s, 1.175 pu / 0.5 s, 1.15 pu / 1.0 s, then 1.10 pu." }, { "std": "Finland (Fingrid VJV2024)", "country": "Finland", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 5s → 1.2 pu; 5.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Generating facilities, VJV size classes 1-4, any network level", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Fingrid, 'Grid Code Specifications for Power Generating Facilities VJV2024', unofficial English translation dated 15.1.2025 - section 10.3.3 'Overvoltage withstand capability', Figure 10.4 (p. 48), extended by section 10.5.5." }, { "std": "IEEE 1547-2018 Cat III", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 12s → 1.2 pu; 12.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "DER at the distribution PCC, Category III abnormal performance", "sourceClass": "reproduction", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IEEE 1547-2018 Category III ride-through capability figure (IEEE copyright, adapted/reprinted with permission) in EPRI's 'Crash Course: IEEE Std 1547-2018', slide 47: the orange 'Momentary Cessation Capability' region spans 1.10–1.20 pu and terminates at 12 s. Same 12 s edge in MISO Guideline for IEEE Std 1547-2018 Implementation Figure 4 (Category III), p.26. Confirmed in EPRI OpenDER rt_crit.py: CAT_III high-voltage branch is a single test 'if 1.1 < v_high … if rt_time_hv <= 12: rt_pass_time_req = True' (12 s), whereas the CAT_I/CAT_II branches contain exactly the published 1.15→1 s / 1.175→0.5 s / 1.20→0.2 s ladder." }, { "std": "IEEE 2800-2022", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 1s → 1.2 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "IBR plants at the transmission point of interconnection", "sourceClass": "reproduction", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IEEE 2800-2022 Clause 7.2.2.1 table (IEEE-copyright reprint, IEEE PES/2800 WG webinar slide 44): 'V > 1.20 — may ride-through or may trip — NA; V > 1.10 — Mandatory operation — 1.0 s; V > 1.05 — Continuous operation — 1800 s'. Matches NERC PRC-029-1 Attachment 1 Table 2 ('>1.10 Mandatory Operation 1.0 s; >1.05 Continuous 1800 s') and ERCOT NOGRR245 ('1.2 pu → 1 s' preferred requirement)." }, { "std": "India (CEA Connectivity Regs)", "country": "India", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.3 pu; 0.2s → 1.3 pu; 0.201s → 1.2 pu; 2s → 1.2 pu; 2.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations connecting to the Indian HV grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CEA Regulations Compendium, August 2024, Part II clause B2(7) over-voltage table, footnote 20 'Substituted vide Second amendment, 2019 w.e.f. 06.02.2019'. Identical text in the 2019 gazette notification." }, { "std": "Italy (TERNA)", "country": "Italy", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.3 pu; 0.1s → 1.2 pu; 1s → 1.15 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Storage plants connecting to the RTN (Terna Allegato A.79)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Terna Allegato A.79 Rev. 00, Marzo 2023, Fig. 1 'Caratteristica FRT per Impianti di Accumulo' (curva OVRT: 1,3 / 1,2 / 1,15 pu with footnote '1,1 se il punto di connessione è a tensione superiore o uguale 300 kV') and Tabella 1 (tC = 100 ms, tD = 1 s)." }, { "std": "Kenya (KNTGC VRPP)", "country": "Kenya", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2s → 1.2 pu; 2.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Variable renewable power plants at transmission connection", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "KNTGC clause 7.2.3.1(iii), Figure 7-2 Upper Bound / Area D — verified against KNTGC Final 30-04-2021." }, { "std": "Mexico (Codigo de Red)", "country": "Mexico", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.3 pu; 0.2s → 1.3 pu; 0.201s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Power plants interconnecting to the SEN (RNT or RGD)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Codigo de Red, CRE Resolucion RES/550/2021, DOF 31 December 2021, p.1069; 'Manual Regulatorio de Requerimientos Tecnicos para la Interconexion de Centrales Electricas al Sistema Electrico Nacional', Capitulo 4, seccion 4.2.1, Tabla 4.2.1.B points PA1/PA2/PA3, and Figura 4.2.1.B. Verified from the official DOF PDF, text extracted directly." }, { "std": "Morocco (CRENT)", "country": "Morocco", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 20s → 1.2 pu; 20.001s → 1.15 pu", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generation connected to the national transmission grid (CRENT)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CRENT Article 78 §5 'Tenue aux variations de la Tension', table for 225 kV / 150 kV / 60 kV connection voltages (ANRE, anre.ma/crent_chapitre/article-78/)." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-024-4 (no-trip)", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 0.2s → 1.2 pu; 0.201s → 1.175 pu; 0.5s → 1.175 pu; 0.501s → 1.15 pu; 1s → 1.15 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "no-trip", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "BES generating resources; relay no-trip settings (GO duty)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC PRC-024-4 Section A.1 Title, A.4 Applicability 4.2.1–4.2.3, Requirement R2, and Attachment 2 Table 5 (p.16)." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-029-1 (IBR)", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 1s → 1.2 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu; 1800s → 1.1 pu; 1800s → 1.05 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "BES inverter-based resources; valid for RoCoF <= 5 Hz/s", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Enforceable from 1 Oct 2026 (FERC Order No. 909)", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC PRC-029-1, Attachment 1, Table 2 'Voltage Ride-through Requirements for All Other IBR' (p.12), rows '>1.20 N/A', '>1.10 Mandatory Operation Region 1.0', '>1.05 Continuous Operation Region 1800'." }, { "std": "New Zealand (EIPC cl 8.25A)", "country": "New Zealand", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2s → 1.2 pu; 2.001s → 1.15 pu; 6s → 1.15 pu; 6.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations connected to the grid, both islands", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Electricity Industry Participation Code 2010, Part 8, cl 8.25A(1) and (6), upper boundary of Figure 8.1 / Figure 8.2 — verified in the 1 May 2025 consolidation; clause unchanged at 1 July 2026." }, { "std": "Nigeria (TCN Grid Code)", "country": "Nigeria", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2s → 1.2 pu; 2.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Power Park Modules on the TCN transmission system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Nigeria Grid Code (NERC, 01-08-2018), clause 12.6.9(d) and Figure 1 HVRT limb; Vmax from Table 1, subsection 10.1.5." }, { "std": "Panama (Código de Redes Fotovoltaico 2017)", "country": "Panama", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2.2s → 1.2 pu; 2.201s → 1.1 pu", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "unclear", "appliesTo": "PV plants connected to the national interconnected system (SIN)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ASEP/CND Panamá, 'ANEXO B — CÓDIGO DE REDES FOTOVOLTAICO (Texto Unificado)', Diciembre 2017, numeral B.1.2 lit. c) y Figura B.1.2 (curva azul HVRT); continuous band from B.1.1 lit. a) / B.1.2 lit. b)." }, { "std": "Quebec (Hydro-Quebec D-2022-088)", "country": "Canada", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.4 pu; 0.1s → 1.4 pu; 0.101s → 1.25 pu; 2s → 1.25 pu; 2.001s → 1.2 pu; 30s → 1.2 pu; 30.001s → 1.15 pu; 300s → 1.15 pu; 300.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations on the Hydro-Quebec transmission system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Hydro-Quebec TransEnergie, 'Technical Requirements for the Connection of Generating Stations to the Hydro-Quebec Transmission System', Decision D-2022-088, effective July 15, 2022; section 12.2.2, Table 9 (p.50). Verified from the Hydro-Quebec-hosted English PDF, text extracted directly." }, { "std": "Saudi Arabia (SAGC)", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 1s → 1.2 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Renewable generating units on the SA transmission network", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "The Saudi Arabian Grid Code, 2nd Electronic Update Oct 2016, clause 2.5.5.21: 'The Renewable Resource Generating Unit shall remain connected to the Network and continue stable operation if none of the phases exceeds 120% of nominal voltage for more than 1s'; clause 2.5.5.20(b)(ii) upper-side wording and Figure 2.3; steady-state ceiling per 2.4.3 = 1.1 pu." }, { "std": "South Africa (NRS 097 / RPP)", "country": "South Africa", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 2s → 1.2 pu; 2.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "RPP categories A3/B/C on transmission or distribution", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Grid Connection Code for RPPs in South Africa, Version 3.1, January 2022, clause 5.2.1(b)(4) and Figure 4 Area D (p.16); Umax from Table 1 (p.12)." }, { "std": "South Korea (KEPCO)", "country": "South Korea", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 0.2s → 1.2 pu; 0.201s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "DER at the distribution PCC (LV up to 22.9 kV)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "KEPCO 분산형전원 배전계통 연계 기술기준 (개정 14, 2021-06-01), <표 2.7>: 110 < V < 120 → 운전지속시간 0.2초; V >= 120 → '-' (no ride-through). Complementary trip table <표 2.4>: V>=120 → 분리시간 0.16 s." }, { "std": "Spain (P.O. 12.3)", "country": "Spain", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 0.05s → 1.2 pu; 0.24s → 1.19 pu; 0.43s → 1.18 pu; 0.62s → 1.17 pu; 0.81s → 1.16 pu; 1s → 1.15 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "unclear", "appliesTo": "Generating modules + storage under Orden TED/749/2020 Anexo I", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Orden TED/749/2020, Anexo I, ap. 3.3.3 y Figura 19 (BOE-A-2020-8965, pág. 62436); Vmax from Tabla 2 (0.90–1.118 pu unlimited, 1.118–1.15 pu 60 min at 110–300 kV) and Tabla 3 (1.0875–1.10 pu at 300–400 kV). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Taiwan (TPC)", "country": "Taiwan", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 0.25s → 1.2 pu; 0.251s → 1.15 pu; 1s → 1.15 pu; 1.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "ESS paralleled to Taipower LV, HV or EHV systems", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "台灣電力公司 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (amended 2025-09-05), clause (二)2: '電壓驟升至 1.2 p.u. 時，持續運轉時間應至少 0.25 秒；電壓驟升至 1.15 p.u. 時，持續運轉時間應至少 0.75 秒' + 附圖三 高電壓持續運轉能力示意圖. Identical to 再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點 附圖四." }, { "std": "Transient overvoltage (IEEE 2800 TOV)", "country": "US", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.0001s → 1.8 pu; 0.0002s → 1.8 pu; 0.00021s → 1.7 pu; 0.001s → 1.7 pu; 0.00101s → 1.6 pu; 0.003s → 1.6 pu; 0.00301s → 1.4 pu; 0.015s → 1.4 pu; 0.0151s → 1.2 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "IBR at transmission and sub-transmission (IEEE 2800 scope)", "sourceClass": "reproduction", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IEEE 2800-2022 Table 14 (transient overvoltage ride-through), reproduced with IEEE copyright permission on slide 48 of the official IEEE PES / IEEE 2800 WG + SEIA/ACP joint webinar: 'V > 1.80 — see footnote a (surge protection); V > 1.70 — 0.2 ms; V > 1.60 — 1.0 ms; V > 1.40 — 3.0 ms; V > 1.20 — 15.0 ms', footnote c 'specified voltage magnitudes are the residual voltages with surge arresters applied', footnote d 'cumulative time over a 1-min time window', axis label 'Voltage at RPA (per unit of nominal instantaneous peak base)'. Clause text quoted in P. Pourbeik (PEACE/Invenergy), 'Thoughts on IEEE 2800-2022 TOV Ride-Through Requirement', ERCOT IBRWG 14 Jun 2024. Independently corroborated by the ERCOT NOGRR245 capability form, whose TOV rows are footnoted '*These requirements are from IEEE 2800-2022': 1.8 pu → 0.0002 s, 1.7 → 0.001 s, 1.6 → 0.003 s, 1.4 → 0.015 s." }, { "std": "Vietnam BESS (Circular 05/2025/TT-BCT Art. 44)", "country": "Vietnam", "event": "HVRT", "points": "0.001s → 1.2 pu; 0.5s → 1.2 pu; 0.501s → 1.15 pu; 3s → 1.15 pu; 3.001s → 1.1 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "BESS connecting to the transmission or distribution system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Circular 05/2025/TT-BCT dated 1 February 2025, Article 44 clause 3(c), 3(d) and 3(đ), as consolidated with Circular 46/2025/TT-BCT; identical envelope at Article 40 clause 6." }, { "std": "Argentina (CAMMESA PT-4 Anexo I, Fig. Ai.1)", "country": "Argentina", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.12s → 0 pu; 0.121s → 0.5 pu; 0.9s → 0.5 pu; 0.901s → 0.7 pu; 1s → 0.7 pu; 1.001s → 0.9 pu; 1200s → 0.9 pu; 1200s → 0.95 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CAMMESA, LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS – P.T.4, ANEXO I, numeral 9.8.3 'Tolerancia a huecos de tensión (LVRT)' items 1)–6) + Fig. Ai.1 'curva límite tensión-tiempo (LVRT – HVRT), Ejemplo para Parques ERNC vinculados a nodos de 500 kV' (p.48). Versión 03-Oct-2023." }, { "std": "Australia (NER / AEMO)", "country": "Australia", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.43s → 0 pu; 0.431s → 0.7 pu; 2s → 0.7 pu; 2.001s → 0.8 pu; 10s → 0.8 pu; 10.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Registered generating systems at any NEM connection point", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "NER as amended by the National Electricity Amendment (Improving the NEM access standards – Package 1) Rule 2025 No. 6 (ERC0393, final rule published 22 May 2025, in force 21 Aug 2025), item [176] substituting S5.2.5.5(c)(2)-(4) and (d)(1)-(9); item [174] substituting S5.2.5.4(a)(6),(7),(8); and NER Table S5.1a.2 column 4 (breaker-fail clearance times 175/250/430 ms). Sources: and NER Chapter 5 (Table S5.1a.2)." }, { "std": "Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)", "country": "Austria", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.49s → 0.21 pu; 0.83s → 0.43 pu; 1.16s → 0.64 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D non-synchronous PGM, >=110 kV or >=50 MW", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "E-Control, 'TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D' (Maximalkapazitat >= 50 MW oder Nennspannung >= 110 kV), Version 1.3, gultig ab 01.07.2024 - Kapitel 5.2.1, Abbildung 12 (FRT-Profil nichtsynchroner Stromerzeugungsanlagen, Anschluss auf oder oberhalb der 110-kV-Ebene), p. 28. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Belgium (Federal Grid Code)", "country": "Belgium", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.2s → 0 pu; 0.53s → 0.21 pu; 0.85s → 0.43 pu; 1.18s → 0.64 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules on the federal transmission grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Koninklijk besluit / Arrete royal van 29 november 2024 houdende een technisch reglement voor het beheer van het transmissienet van elektriciteit (Belgian Federal Grid Code), Art. 94 § 3 - power park module van het type D; consolidated text via ejustice numac 2024008672. Repeals KB 22.04.2019 per Art. 158. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Brazil (PRODIST / ONS)", "country": "Brazil", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0.2 pu; 0.5s → 0.2 pu; 0.501s → 0.281 pu; 0.625s → 0.444 pu; 0.75s → 0.606 pu; 0.875s → 0.769 pu; 1s → 0.85 pu; 5s → 0.85 pu; 5.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generators connecting to Rede Basica transmission facilities", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "ONS Procedimentos de Rede, Submodulo 3.6 'Requisitos tecnicos minimos para a conexao as instalacoes de transmissao', rev. 2019.08 - item 8.7 'Requisitos de suportabilidade a subtensoes e sobretensoes dinamicas' and Figura 5 'Tensao nos terminais dos aerogeradores ou inversores da central geradora' (0.2 pu to 0.5 s; ramp to 0.85 pu at 1.0 s; 0.85 pu to 5 s; 0.9 pu thereafter). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "California Rule 21", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 1s → 0 pu; 1.001s → 0.5 pu; 10s → 0.5 pu; 10.001s → 0.7 pu; 20s → 0.7 pu; 20.001s → 0.88 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "Smart-inverter DER at the distribution PCC (PG&E tariff)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "PG&E Electric Rule 21, Sheet 193, Table Hh-1b 'Smart Inverter Voltage Ride-through Settings' (V>1.20 cease to energize; 1.10= 0.90 / Continuous operation'; plus subsection 2(2)(c). Effective 2024-04-01." }, { "std": "Chile (NTSyCS)", "country": "Chile", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.14s → 0 pu; 0.141s → 0.067 pu; 0.283s → 0.2 pu; 0.427s → 0.333 pu; 0.57s → 0.467 pu; 0.713s → 0.6 pu; 0.857s → 0.733 pu; 1s → 0.8 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "unclear", "appliesTo": "Converter-based plants (GFM + GFL) connecting to the SEN", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "CNE Anexo Tecnico 'Exigencias Minimas de Instalaciones Basadas en Convertidores que se Conecten al SEN' (Res. Ex. 45, 28-01-2026), Art. 3-1(i) + Figura 1 (IBR GFM) and Art. 4-1(b) + Figura 2 (IBR GFL): T0 = 0 ms, T1 = max fault-clearing time per Art. 5-40 NTSyCS, T2 = T1 + 20 ms, T3 = 1000 ms, recovery boundary 0.80 pu. NTSyCS Art. 5-40: 120 ms for >= 200 kV, 400 ms for < 200 kV. Same shape as the superseded NTSyCS Art. 3-7. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Colombia (CREG 060/2019)", "country": "Colombia", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.33s → 0.05 pu; 0.5s → 0.1 pu; 0.75s → 0.29 pu; 1s → 0.48 pu; 1.25s → 0.66 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu; 20s → 0.85 pu; 20.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Wind + PV plants on the STN/STR, 500 kV excluded", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Resolución CREG 060 de 2019, Artículo 14 (modifica numeral 5.7 lit. c) del Código de Operación), figura 'Característica de LVRT y HVRT para plantas eólicas y solares fotovoltaicas con conexión a STN y STR (no incluye 500 kV)' — verified from the official embedded graphic resolucion_creg_0060_2019_obj_2.gif. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Denmark (TR 3.3.1)", "country": "Denmark", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.3s → 0.094 pu; 0.45s → 0.189 pu; 0.6s → 0.283 pu; 0.75s → 0.378 pu; 0.9s → 0.472 pu; 1.05s → 0.567 pu; 1.2s → 0.661 pu; 1.35s → 0.756 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Battery plants; cited tables are the transmission-connected rows", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Energinet Technical Regulation 3.3.1 – Revision 6 (14 Feb 2025, effective 1 May 2025), Part 16, section 128(1) and Table 45 (DK1); section 129(1) and Table 46 (DK2); cf. sections 90/114 Tables 39/40/43/44 for distribution-connected categories. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "ERCOT (NOG 2.9.1)", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.32s → 0 pu; 0.321s → 0.096 pu; 0.4s → 0.141 pu; 0.48s → 0.186 pu; 0.56s → 0.231 pu; 0.594s → 0.25 pu; 1.2s → 0.25 pu; 1.201s → 0.5 pu; 3s → 0.5 pu; 3.001s → 0.7 pu; 6s → 0.7 pu; 6.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Transmission-connected IBRs: PVGRs and ESR IBRs (ERCOT)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Binds resources whose SGIA was executed on or after 1 Aug 2024", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "ERCOT Nodal Operating Guides, Section 2.9.1.1 'Preferred Voltage Ride-Through Requirements for Transmission-Connected Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs)', paragraph (1), Table B: Applicable to PhotoVoltaic Generation Resources (PVGRs) and ESR IBRs, plus the following paragraph defining the sub-0.25 pu straight-line function ('0.15 seconds at zero voltage and 1.75 seconds at 0.9 p.u. voltage'). Source: February 1, 2026 ERCOT Nodal Operating Guide PDF (body dated DECEMBER 5, 2025), sheet pp. 52-54. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "ERCOT (NOG 2.9.1.2 legacy)", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.35s → 0.1125 pu; 0.55s → 0.225 pu; 0.75s → 0.3375 pu; 0.95s → 0.45 pu; 1.15s → 0.5625 pu; 1.35s → 0.675 pu; 1.55s → 0.7875 pu; 1.75s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Transmission IBR with SGIA executed before 1 Aug 2024", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Binds resources whose SGIA was executed before 1 Aug 2024", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "ERCOT Nodal Operating Guides Section 2.9.1.2 (applies where the SGIA was executed before 1 Aug 2024): V=0 to 0.15 s then the defined ramp V(t)=0.5625t-0.084375 reaching 0.90 pu at 1.75 s. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Ecuador (ARCONEL-001/24 Código de Conexión)", "country": "Ecuador", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.25s → 0 pu; 0.251s → 0.25 pu; 0.56s → 0.4 pu; 0.88s → 0.55 pu; 1.19s → 0.7 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu; 3600s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Regulación Nro. ARCONEL-001/24 «Código de Conexión del Sistema Eléctrico Ecuatoriano» (expedida por Resolución ARCONEL-003/2024, Sesión de Directorio de 04 de septiembre de 2024), numeral 22.2 lit. a) y Gráfico 8; banda de Tabla 8 (numeral 22.1 lit. a); categorías en Tabla 1." }, { "std": "Finland (Fingrid VJV2024)", "country": "Finland", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.2s → 0 pu; 0.53s → 0.21 pu; 0.85s → 0.43 pu; 1.18s → 0.64 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu; 10s → 0.85 pu; 10.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Generating facilities, VJV size classes 1-4, any network level", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Fingrid, 'Grid Code Specifications for Power Generating Facilities VJV2024', unofficial English translation dated 15.1.2025 - section 10.5.3, Figure 10.10 (type D power park modules), p. 63. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "France (RTE)", "country": "France", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.3s → 0.094 pu; 0.45s → 0.189 pu; 0.6s → 0.283 pu; 0.75s → 0.378 pu; 0.9s → 0.472 pu; 1.05s → 0.567 pu; 1.2s → 0.661 pu; 1.35s → 0.756 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules connected to RTE (>=110 kV)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "RTE Documentation Technique de Référence, Chapitre 5, Article 5.1.1 (version 1.2, applicable 03/08/2020), §4.6.1, Figure 10 'Gabarit creux de tension unité PPM type D' (axes 0 / 150 / 1500 ms, 0 % / 85 % / 100 % Un); implements arrêté du 9 juin 2020 / Règlement (UE) 2016/631 art. 16. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Greece (ADMIE/IPTO RfG)", "country": "Greece", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.5s → 0 pu; 0.501s → 0.22 pu; 0.85s → 0.22 pu; 0.851s → 0.44 pu; 1.2s → 0.44 pu; 1.201s → 0.66 pu; 1.5s → 0.66 pu; 1.501s → 0.85 pu; 3s → 0.85 pu; 3600s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "PGMs types A-D under the Greek RfG general requirements", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Απόφαση ΡΑΕ 1165/2020 (ΦΕΚ Β' 3757, 07.09.2020), Άρθρο 16 §3(α), Εικ. 4 + Πίνακας Κ — verified in the official ADMIE-hosted PDF (ΑΔΑ: 624ΔΙΔΞ-ΤΡΡ), 37 pp. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "IEEE 1547-2018 Cat III", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 1s → 0 pu; 1.001s → 0.5 pu; 10s → 0.5 pu; 10.001s → 0.7 pu; 20s → 0.7 pu; 20.001s → 0.88 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "DER at the distribution PCC, Category III abnormal performance", "sourceClass": "reproduction", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IEEE 1547-2018 Table 16 / Figure H.4 ride-through capability regions, reproduced under IEEE copyright permission in EPRI's 'Crash Course: IEEE Std 1547-2018' (slide 47, 'Actual Abnormal Voltage Requirements for Category III'): momentary-cessation capability box 0.00–0.50 pu ending at 1 s; mandatory-operation capability 0.50–0.70 pu to 10 s and 0.70–0.88 pu to 20 s. Same regions in the MISO Guideline for IEEE Std 1547-2018 Implementation, Figure 4 (Category III), p.26. Independently confirmed in EPRI's reference implementation OpenDER (src/opender/operation_status/rt_crit.py, CAT_III branch): 0.7≤V<0.88 → pass at t>20 s; V<0.7 → t>10 s; V≤0.5 → t>1 s. Operating-mode bands also confirmed by the ISO-NE/Massachusetts TSRG 'Default IEEE 1547-2018 Setting Requirements' Table V (V<0.50 Momentary Cessation; 0.5≤V<0.88 Mandatory Operation; 'Identical' to 1547-2018 Cat III)." }, { "std": "IEEE 2800-2022", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.32s → 0 pu; 0.321s → 0.25 pu; 1.2s → 0.25 pu; 1.201s → 0.5 pu; 3s → 0.5 pu; 3.001s → 0.7 pu; 6s → 0.7 pu; 6.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "IBR plants at the transmission point of interconnection", "sourceClass": "reproduction", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "IEEE 2800-2022 Clause 7.2.2.1 voltage ride-through table for 'plants without aux. load limitations' (solar/BESS), reproduced with IEEE copyright permission on slide 44 of the official IEEE PES / IEEE 2800 WG + SEIA/ACP joint webinar (31 May 2022): V>1.20 may trip; V>1.10 mandatory 1.0 s; V>1.05 continuous 1800 s; V<0.90 mandatory 6.00 s; V<0.70 3.00 s; V<0.50 1.20 s; V<0.25 0.32 s; V<0.10 permissive 0.32 s — with the step-curve plotted at 0.32/1.2/3.0/6.0 s. (slide 44; slide 43 is the wind table with 3.00/2.50/1.20/0.16/0.16). Independently corroborated by NERC PRC-029-1 Attachment 1 Table 2 ('All Other IBR' incl. PV+BESS: 6.00/3.00/1.20/0.32/0.32) and by the ERCOT NOGRR245 Voltage Ride-Through Capability Table ('Preferred Requirements … PVGR or ESR': 0.7 pu→6.0 s, 0.5→3.0, 0.25→1.2, 0→0.32)." }, { "std": "India (CEA Connectivity Regs)", "country": "India", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0.15 pu; 0.3s → 0.15 pu; 0.301s → 0.85 pu; 3s → 0.85 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations connecting to the Indian HV grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "CEA Connectivity Regs 2007 (am. 2019) clause B2(3) — profile is embedded as an image in the gazette PDF; the 0.15 pu / 300 ms corner matches how it is universally cited but the recovery ramp could not be read directly." }, { "std": "Ireland (EirGrid)", "country": "Ireland", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0.15 pu; 0.625s → 0.15 pu; 0.626s → 0.209 pu; 1s → 0.209 pu; 1.001s → 0.347 pu; 1.5s → 0.347 pu; 1.501s → 0.505 pu; 2s → 0.505 pu; 2.001s → 0.663 pu; 2.5s → 0.663 pu; 2.501s → 0.821 pu; 3s → 0.821 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Controllable wind farm power stations (WFPS)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "EirGrid Grid Code v6 (22 July 2015), clause WFPS1.4.1 and Figure WFPS1.1 'Fault Ride-Through Capability of Controllable WFPSs': heavy black boundary at 15% U/Un from 0 to 625 ms, rising linearly to 90% at 3000 ms; axis ticks 0, 150, 625, 3000 ms. Verified by rendering the figure page directly. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Italy (TERNA)", "country": "Italy", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.2s → 0 pu; 0.4s → 0.094 pu; 0.6s → 0.189 pu; 0.8s → 0.283 pu; 1s → 0.378 pu; 1.2s → 0.472 pu; 1.4s → 0.567 pu; 1.6s → 0.661 pu; 1.8s → 0.756 pu; 2s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Storage plants connecting to the RTN (Terna Allegato A.79)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Terna Allegato A.79 Rev. 00, Marzo 2023, §6.4 'Insensibilità alle variazioni di tensione', Fig. 1 'Caratteristica FRT per Impianti di Accumulo' and Tabella 1 'Parametri FRT' (tA = 200 ms; tB = 2 s / 2,8 s / 4 s); same values in the June 2022 consultation text (Tabella 2). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Kenya (KNTGC VRPP)", "country": "Kenya", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.14 pu; 0.77s → 0.14 pu; 0.771s → 0.43 pu; 1.38s → 0.43 pu; 1.381s → 0.71 pu; 2s → 0.71 pu; 2.001s → 0.85 pu; 3s → 0.85 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Variable renewable power plants at transmission connection", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Kenya National Transmission Grid Code (KNTGC), clause 7.2.3.1 'Fault Ride-through Requirements for VRPPs', Figure 7-2 'Voltage Must Remain Connected Area', Area B — verified against the KETRACO-published KNTGC Final 30-04-2021 (identical clause numbering and wording to the March-2024 edition cited). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Malaysia (Grid Code Additional Code 2025)", "country": "Malaysia", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.11 pu; 0.49s → 0.11 pu; 0.491s → 0.34 pu; 0.83s → 0.34 pu; 0.831s → 0.56 pu; 1.16s → 0.56 pu; 1.161s → 0.79 pu; 1.5s → 0.79 pu; 1.501s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "PPMs and energy storage units on the Peninsular grid system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Grid Code for Peninsular Malaysia – Additional Code, KOD/ST/No.9/2025 (Suruhanjaya Tenaga), Connection Code CC.6.4.15.2 and Figure 6 'Power Park Modules and Energy Storage Units Fault Ride Through Requirements'; definition of Energy Storage Unit; CC.6.2.4.1. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Mexico (Codigo de Red)", "country": "Mexico", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.65s → 0 pu; 0.651s → 0.15 pu; 0.85s → 0.15 pu; 0.851s → 0.3 pu; 1.05s → 0.3 pu; 1.051s → 0.45 pu; 1.2s → 0.45 pu; 1.201s → 0.6 pu; 1.35s → 0.6 pu; 1.351s → 0.75 pu; 1.5s → 0.75 pu; 1.501s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "Power plants interconnecting to the SEN (RNT or RGD)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Codigo de Red, CRE Resolucion RES/550/2021, DOF 31 December 2021, pp.1068-1069; 'Manual Regulatorio de Requerimientos Tecnicos para la Interconexion de Centrales Electricas al Sistema Electrico Nacional', Capitulo 4, seccion 4.2.1, Tabla 4.2.1.B / Figura 4.2.1.B. Verified from the official DOF PDF (dof.gob.mx/2021/CRE/CRE_311221.pdf), text extracted directly." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-024-4 (no-trip)", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.45 pu; 0.3s → 0.45 pu; 0.301s → 0.65 pu; 2s → 0.65 pu; 2.001s → 0.75 pu; 3s → 0.75 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu; 4s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "no-trip", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "BES generating resources; relay no-trip settings (GO duty)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC PRC-024-4, Attachment 2 'Voltage No-Trip Boundaries – Eastern, Western, and ERCOT Interconnections', Table 5 'Voltage Boundary Data Points' (p.16) and Figure 5 callout. Identical table appears in PRC-024-3 (p.10, 'Voltage Boundary Data Points'), so the correction holds under either edition." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-029-1 (IBR)", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.32s → 0 pu; 0.321s → 0.25 pu; 1.2s → 0.25 pu; 1.201s → 0.5 pu; 3s → 0.5 pu; 3.001s → 0.7 pu; 6s → 0.7 pu; 6.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "BES inverter-based resources; valid for RoCoF <= 5 Hz/s", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Enforceable from 1 Oct 2026 (FERC Order No. 909)", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC PRC-029-1, Attachment 1 'Voltage Ride-Through Criteria', Table 2 'Voltage Ride-through Requirements for All Other IBR' (p.12), with Boundary Details bullets 2(b) (PV+BESS → Table 2), 7 and 11 (p.13)." }, { "std": "NERC PRC-029-1 (Table 1: AC-connected wind IBR /…)", "country": "US", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.16s → 0 pu; 0.161s → 0.25 pu; 1.2s → 0.25 pu; 1.201s → 0.5 pu; 2.5s → 0.5 pu; 2.501s → 0.7 pu; 3s → 0.7 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "AC-connected wind IBR on the BES (per Attachment 1 note 1)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "Enforceable from 1 Oct 2026 (FERC Order No. 909)", "shape": "step", "source": "NERC Reliability Standard PRC-029-1, Attachment 1, Table 1 (\"Voltage Ride-through Requirements for AC-Connected Wind IBR\"), p.12; applicability per Attachment 1 note 1. FERC Order No. 909, RM25-3-000; effective 1 Oct 2026." }, { "std": "Netherlands (TenneT)", "country": "Netherlands", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.25s → 0 pu; 0.5s → 0.077 pu; 0.75s → 0.155 pu; 1s → 0.232 pu; 1.25s → 0.309 pu; 1.5s → 0.386 pu; 1.75s → 0.464 pu; 2s → 0.541 pu; 2.25s → 0.618 pu; 2.5s → 0.695 pu; 2.75s → 0.773 pu; 3s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules (RfG art. 16), >=110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Netcode elektriciteit (versie 23-12-2023), artikel implementing NLE RfG 16(3)(a)(i), lid 3: 'Uret is 0 pu; Uclear is Uret; Urec1 is Uclear; Urec2 is 0,85 pu; tclear is 0,25 s; trec1 is tclear; trec2 is trec1; trec3 is 3,0 s' (besluiten ACM/UIT/509776 en ACM/UIT/575492); type-B PPM values in artikel 3.17 lid 3. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "New Zealand North Island (EIPC cl 8.25A)", "country": "New Zealand", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.14s → 0 pu; 0.141s → 0.14 pu; 0.26s → 0.14 pu; 0.261s → 0.21 pu; 0.38s → 0.21 pu; 0.381s → 0.28 pu; 0.5s → 0.28 pu; 0.501s → 0.57 pu; 0.65s → 0.57 pu; 0.651s → 0.59 pu; 0.87s → 0.59 pu; 0.871s → 0.645 pu; 1.09s → 0.645 pu; 1.091s → 0.7 pu; 1.3s → 0.7 pu; 1.301s → 0.76 pu; 3s → 0.76 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Grid-connected generating stations, North Island (Fig 8.1)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Electricity Industry Participation Code 2010, Part 8, cl 8.25A(1) and (6), Figure 8.1 — verified in the 1 May 2025 consolidation (ea.govt.nz/documents/7277); clause text unchanged in the 1 July 2026 consolidation (ea.govt.nz/documents/10397). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "New Zealand South Island (EIPC cl 8.25A)", "country": "New Zealand", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.14s → 0 pu; 0.141s → 0.14 pu; 0.26s → 0.14 pu; 0.261s → 0.21 pu; 0.38s → 0.21 pu; 0.381s → 0.28 pu; 0.5s → 0.28 pu; 0.501s → 0.76 pu; 3s → 0.76 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Grid-connected generating stations, South Island (Fig 8.2)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Electricity Industry Participation Code 2010, Part 8, cl 8.25A(1) and (6), Figure 8.2 — verified in the 1 May 2025 consolidation; clause unchanged at 1 July 2026. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Nigeria (TCN Grid Code)", "country": "Nigeria", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.14 pu; 0.77s → 0.14 pu; 0.771s → 0.43 pu; 1.38s → 0.43 pu; 1.381s → 0.71 pu; 2s → 0.71 pu; 2.001s → 0.85 pu", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Power Park Modules on the TCN transmission system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "The Grid Code for the Nigeria Electricity Transmission System, NERC, published 01-08-2018 (cover 'Version 03', page footers 'Version 02'), clause 12.6.9(a)-(c) and Figure 1 'Voltage Fault Ride Through requirement for Power Park Modules' (p.63); Vmin from Table 1, subsection 10.1.5 (p.47)." }, { "std": "Norway (Statnett NVF 2025)", "country": "Norway", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.49s → 0.23 pu; 0.83s → 0.45 pu; 1.16s → 0.68 pu; 1.5s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules, >=110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Statnett, 'NVF 2025 - Nasjonal veileder for funksjonskrav i kraftsystemet' (ref. 2024/2852), gjeldende fra 13.06.2025 - kapittel 14.6.1, Tabell 14-15 (column 'Type D >= 110 kV') and Figur 14-11, with conditions per Tabell 14-16." }, { "std": "Panama (Código de Redes Fotovoltaico 2017)", "country": "Panama", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.66s → 0.22 pu; 1.18s → 0.45 pu; 1.69s → 0.68 pu; 2.2s → 0.9 pu", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "unclear", "appliesTo": "PV plants connected to the national interconnected system (SIN)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "ASEP/CND Panamá, 'ANEXO B — CÓDIGO DE REDES FOTOVOLTAICO (Texto Unificado)', Diciembre 2017, numeral B.1.2 lit. c) 'Capacidad de Fault Ride Through (FRT)' y Figura B.1.2." }, { "std": "Peru (COES PR-20, Anexo 1 Cap. 4)", "country": "Peru", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.4s → 0.1 pu; 0.65s → 0.2 pu; 1.43s → 0.42 pu; 2.22s → 0.63 pu; 3s → 0.85 pu; 62s → 0.88 pu; 121s → 0.92 pu; 180s → 0.95 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Procedimiento Técnico del COES N° 20 (PR-20), Anexo 1, Capítulo 4, numeral 4.4.3 (viñeta 'Comportamiento Transitorio') y Figura 4.4 'Curva tensión-tiempo del sistema de protección de tensión por fase'; band from 4.4.6; extended to storage by 4.5.1. Aprobado por Res. Consejo Directivo Osinergmin N° 173-2024-OS/CD. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Philippines PV (PGC 2016 Fig 4.4)", "country": "Philippines", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.3 pu; 0.6s → 0.3 pu; 0.601s → 0.38 pu; 1.2s → 0.38 pu; 1.201s → 0.53 pu; 1.8s → 0.53 pu; 1.801s → 0.68 pu; 2.4s → 0.68 pu; 2.401s → 0.83 pu; 3s → 0.83 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Grid-connected PV plants (PGC applies to the Grid)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Philippine Grid Code, 2016 Edition (ERC Resolution No. 22, Series of 2016), GCR 4.4.4.4.1(a)-(d) and Figure 4.4 'Low voltage withstand capability – PVS'. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Philippines Wind (PGC 2016 Fig 4.2)", "country": "Philippines", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0.2 pu; 0.625s → 0.2 pu; 0.626s → 0.29 pu; 1.22s → 0.29 pu; 1.221s → 0.46 pu; 1.81s → 0.46 pu; 1.811s → 0.64 pu; 2.41s → 0.64 pu; 2.411s → 0.81 pu; 3s → 0.81 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Grid-connected wind farms (PGC applies to the Grid)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Philippine Grid Code, 2016 Edition (ERC Resolution No. 22, Series of 2016), GCR 4.4.3.4.1(a)-(c) and Figure 4.2 'Low Voltage withstand capability – Wind Farms'. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Poland (PSE Wymogi 2025)", "country": "Poland", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.74s → 0.21 pu; 1.33s → 0.43 pu; 1.91s → 0.64 pu; 2.5s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules (RfG art. 16), >=110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "PSE S.A., 'Wymogi ogolnego stosowania wynikajace z Rozporzadzenia Komisji (UE) 2016/631 (NC RfG) - Maj 2025 r.' (Wymogi 2025), approved by URE decision DRE.WKP.744.18.15.2024.WZ.MKo4 of 15.05.2025 - Art. 16(3)(a)(i), Table 12 + Figure 7 (power park modules, type D); identical set at Art. 16(3)(c), Table 14 for asymmetrical faults. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Quebec (Hydro-Quebec D-2022-088)", "country": "Canada", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.044 pu; 0.3s → 0.044 pu; 0.301s → 0.103 pu; 0.5s → 0.103 pu; 0.501s → 0.176 pu; 0.75s → 0.176 pu; 0.751s → 0.25 pu; 1s → 0.25 pu; 1.001s → 0.75 pu; 2s → 0.75 pu; 2.001s → 0.85 pu; 30s → 0.85 pu; 30.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generating stations on the Hydro-Quebec transmission system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Hydro-Quebec TransEnergie, 'Technical Requirements for the Connection of Generating Stations to the Hydro-Quebec Transmission System', Decision D-2022-088, effective July 15, 2022; section 12.2.1, Table 8 (p.48) and Figure 6 (p.49). Verified from the Hydro-Quebec-hosted English PDF (Exigences_raccordement_centrales_ang_2022-07-15.pdf), text extracted directly. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Romania (Transelectrica/ANRE storage norm)", "country": "Romania", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.95s → 0 pu; 0.951s → 0.21 pu; 1.65s → 0.21 pu; 1.651s → 0.43 pu; 2.35s → 0.43 pu; 2.351s → 0.64 pu; 3s → 0.64 pu; 3.001s → 0.85 pu; 3600s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Category D electricity storage installations (RfG type D)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Normă tehnică privind cerinţele tehnice de racordare ... pentru instalaţiile de stocare a energiei electrice, aprobată prin Ordinul ANRE nr. 3/2023 din 18.01.2023 (Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, Nr. 53/19.I.2023; în vigoare 20.01.2023) — Art. 15 lit. a) pct. (ii), Fig. 4 + Tabelul 5 (IS de categoria D). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Saudi Arabia (SAGC)", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.3s → 0 pu; 0.301s → 0.13 pu; 0.63s → 0.13 pu; 0.631s → 0.4 pu; 0.97s → 0.4 pu; 0.971s → 0.67 pu; 1.3s → 0.67 pu; 1.301s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Renewable generating units on the SA transmission network", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Saudi Arabian Grid Code, Updated Version February 2022, Chapter 2 (Connection Code), clause 2.5.5.23(b)(ii) and Figure 2.5 'Voltage Withstand Capability Diagram' (p.34); continuous/30-min band from clause 2.4.3. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "South Africa (NRS 097 / RPP)", "country": "South Africa", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.053 pu; 0.381s → 0.159 pu; 0.613s → 0.266 pu; 0.844s → 0.372 pu; 1.075s → 0.478 pu; 1.306s → 0.584 pu; 1.538s → 0.691 pu; 1.769s → 0.797 pu; 2s → 0.85 pu; 20s → 0.85 pu; 20.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "RPP categories A3/B/C on transmission or distribution", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Grid Connection Code for Renewable Power Plants (RPPs) connected to the Electricity Transmission or Distribution System in South Africa, Version 3.1, January 2022 - clause 5.2.1(b)(3) 'withstand voltage drops to zero ... for a minimum period of 0.150 seconds' and Figure 4 'Voltage Ride through Capability for the RPPs of Category A3, B and C utilising non-synchronous machines' (time axis breakpoints 0.0 / 0.15 / 2.0 / 4.0 / 20.0 s; 85% level marked). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "South Korea (KEPCO)", "country": "South Korea", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.5 pu; 0.16s → 0.5 pu; 0.161s → 0.7 pu; 1.5s → 0.7 pu; 1.501s → 0.9 pu", "status": "verified", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "DER at the distribution PCC (LV up to 22.9 kV)", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "KEPCO 분산형전원 배전계통 연계 기술기준 (업무표준 H0-배전-기준-0015, 개정 14, 2021-06-01), 제24조 (계통연계 유지 / Fault Ride-Through), <표 2.7> 비정상 전압에 대한 운전지속시간: V<50 → 0.15 s; 50<=V<70 → 0.16 s; 70<=V<90 → 1.5 s; 110=120 → none. (Trip table <표 2.4> is separate.)." }, { "std": "Spain (P.O. 12.3)", "country": "Spain", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.3s → 0.094 pu; 0.45s → 0.189 pu; 0.6s → 0.283 pu; 0.75s → 0.378 pu; 0.9s → 0.472 pu; 1.05s → 0.567 pu; 1.2s → 0.661 pu; 1.35s → 0.756 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "unclear", "appliesTo": "Generating modules + storage under Orden TED/749/2020 Anexo I", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Orden TED/749/2020, Anexo I, ap. 3.1.1 d) y Figura 16 (BOE-A-2020-8965, pág. 62432), still current after Orden TED/82/2026 which only rewrote ap. 3.1.1 b)/Figura 14 for modules <110 kV; legacy P.O. 12.3 Figura 4.1, BOE-A-2006-18485 (ree.es PO_resol_12.3_Respuesta_huecos_eolica.pdf). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Sri Lanka (CEB)", "country": "Sri Lanka", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.14s → 0 pu; 0.141s → 0.13 pu; 0.49s → 0.13 pu; 0.491s → 0.4 pu; 0.85s → 0.4 pu; 0.851s → 0.67 pu; 1.2s → 0.67 pu; 1.201s → 0.8 pu; 2.5s → 0.8 pu; 2.501s → 0.85 pu; 180s → 0.85 pu; 180.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Generators connecting to the CEB transmission grid", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Ceylon Electricity Board, Grid Connection Code, Grid Code - Revised September 2023 (PDF published July 2024, ceb.lk '1723552921Grid_Connection_Code_for_publishing_in_CEB_web.pdf'), section 3.17.3 'Fault Ride Through / Low Voltage Fault Ride Through (LVRT)', Figure 3.17-10 'Fault Ride Through requirement - Voltage duration curve' (p.32). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Sweden (EIFS 2018:2)", "country": "Sweden", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.2s → 0 pu; 0.65s → 0.21 pu; 1.1s → 0.43 pu; 1.55s → 0.64 pu; 2s → 0.85 pu; 10s → 0.85 pu; 10.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules under EIFS 2018:2", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Energimarknadsinspektionens foreskrifter EIFS 2018:2 om faststallande av generellt tillampliga krav for natanslutning av generatorer - 3 kap. 36 § (kraftparksmodul av typ D), with 3 kap. 34 § (symmetrical/asymmetrical), 37 § (pre-fault operating point) and 40 § (200 ms three-phase fault case). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum…)", "country": "Switzerland", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.2s → 0 pu; 0.53s → 0.21 pu; 0.85s → 0.43 pu; 1.18s → 0.64 pu; 1.5s → 0.85 pu", "status": "partial", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "step", "source": "Swissgrid, 'Technical minimum requirements for the connection of converter-based energy storage systems' (CESS), Version 1.1 of 29 May 2026 - section 3.2.4, Figure 4 (p. 12), read together with section 4.1. Superseded/contrasted source: Swissgrid-VSE 'Transmission Code 2019 (TC-CH)', section 6.5.5, Figure 15, Type 2 curve (Uret2 = 5-15 % Uc, band not a value)." }, { "std": "Taiwan (TPC)", "country": "Taiwan", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.045 pu; 0.435s → 0.135 pu; 0.72s → 0.225 pu; 1.005s → 0.315 pu; 1.29s → 0.405 pu; 1.575s → 0.495 pu; 1.86s → 0.585 pu; 2.145s → 0.675 pu; 2.43s → 0.765 pu; 2.715s → 0.855 pu; 3s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "ESS paralleled to Taipower LV, HV or EHV systems", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "台灣電力公司 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (issued 2020-03-06, amended 2025-09-05), clause (二)1: '電壓降低至 0 p.u. 時，持續運轉時間應至少 0.15 秒', figure 附圖二 低電壓持續運轉能力示意圖 (0 pu to 0.15 s, ramp to 0.9 pu at 3.0 s, flat thereafter). Same curve = 再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點 附圖三. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Turkey (TEİAŞ Şebeke Yönetmeliği Ek-18)", "country": "Turkey", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.49s → 0 pu; 0.491s → 0.22 pu; 0.83s → 0.22 pu; 0.831s → 0.45 pu; 1.16s → 0.45 pu; 1.161s → 0.67 pu; 1.5s → 0.67 pu; 1.501s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "", "appliesTo": "", "sourceClass": "", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Elektrik Şebeke Yönetmeliği (EPDK/TEİAŞ), EK-18 §E.18.2 'ÜRETİM TESİSLERİNİN ARIZA SONRASI SİSTEME KATKISI' + Şekil E.18.1, as introduced by the amendment of 22.04.2017 (Resmî Gazete 30046) — verified in the official annex PDF resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/04/20170422-8-1.pdf, p. 1. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "UK G99 (Type A-C)", "country": "UK", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0.1 pu; 0.14s → 0.1 pu; 0.141s → 0.166 pu; 0.5s → 0.166 pu; 0.501s → 0.322 pu; 1s → 0.322 pu; 1.001s → 0.504 pu; 1.5s → 0.504 pu; 1.501s → 0.723 pu; 2.2s → 0.723 pu; 2.201s → 0.85 pu; 180s → 0.85 pu; 180.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "distribution", "appliesTo": "Type A-C power park modules connected below 110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "ENA EREC G99 Issue 2, 10 March 2025, Table 13.5 and Figure 13.10 'Voltage against time curve applicable to Type C and Type D Power Park Modules connected below 110 kV': Uret 0.1, Uclear 0.10, Urec1 0.10, Urec2 0.85; tclear 0.14, trec1 0.14, trec2 0.14, trec3 2.2 (figure axis extends to 180 s). Identical to Table 12.2 / Figure 12.6 for Type B PPMs. Type A: clause 11.3.1. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "UK G99 (Type D)", "country": "UK", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.14s → 0 pu; 0.141s → 0.074 pu; 0.5s → 0.074 pu; 0.501s → 0.252 pu; 1s → 0.252 pu; 1.001s → 0.458 pu; 1.5s → 0.458 pu; 1.501s → 0.706 pu; 2.2s → 0.706 pu; 2.201s → 0.85 pu; 180s → 0.85 pu; 180.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "transmission", "appliesTo": "Type D power park modules connected at or above 110 kV", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "ENA EREC G99 Issue 2, 10 March 2025, Table 13.6 and Figure 13.11 'Voltage against time curve applicable to Type D Power Park Modules connected at or above 110 kV': Uret 0, Uclear 0, Urec1 0, Urec2 0.85; tclear 0.14, trec1 0.14, trec2 0.14, trec3 2.2, figure axis to 180 s. Clause 13.3.1.1 makes the heavy black line of Figures 13.8-13.11 the ride-through boundary. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." }, { "std": "Vietnam BESS (Circular 05/2025/TT-BCT Art. 44)", "country": "Vietnam", "event": "LVRT", "points": "0.001s → 0 pu; 0.15s → 0 pu; 0.151s → 0.3 pu; 0.6s → 0.3 pu; 0.601s → 0.38 pu; 1.2s → 0.38 pu; 1.201s → 0.53 pu; 1.8s → 0.53 pu; 1.801s → 0.68 pu; 2.4s → 0.68 pu; 2.401s → 0.83 pu; 3s → 0.83 pu; 3.001s → 0.9 pu", "status": "derived", "duty": "ride-through", "level": "both", "appliesTo": "BESS connecting to the transmission or distribution system", "sourceClass": "primary", "effective": "", "shape": "ramp approximation", "source": "Circular 05/2025/TT-BCT dated 1 February 2025, Article 44 clause 3(a)-(c), as consolidated with Circular 46/2025/TT-BCT (in force 22 September 2025); identical envelope at Article 40 clause 6. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; plotted as a step approximation, so the intermediate treads are computed from the clause rather than read from it." } ]