FIG. E / Primary-energy mix
Energy Source Evolution: A Technological Perspective
Share of primary energy by source, 1800–2025 — each source paired with how it stores energy, from woodpiles to batteries.
FIG. E / Global primary-energy mix, normalized to 100% — historical estimate, illustrative.
About the data: an illustrative view of the primary-energy transition; the historical shape follows the U.S. record, with pre-1900 figures and the post-2000 rise of wind & solar as estimates. The axis is compressed across 1800–1850, each year is rescaled to 100%, and the storage icons name the medium each source is held in. Hover any year for the breakdown.